, Impact of Western Man: A Study of Europe's Role in the World Economy, 1750�1960 (1967, reprinted .... european french

Hobsbawm , The Age of Empire, 18751914 (1987), is a highly readable account of rising European nationalism and the resultant focus on empire as a reaction to the dramatic changes undergone in European economies and social structures at the turn of the century. Kiernan , From Conquest to Collapse: European Empires from 1815 to 1960 (1982), describes the many bloody wars that comprised the conquests involved in European expansion. Headrick , The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (1981), and The Tentacles of Progress: Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism, 18501940 (1988), study technological innovations and their role in maintaining European dominance. Huttenback , Mammon and the Pursuit of Empire: The Political Economy of British Imperialism, 18601912 (1986), shows that empire dramatically benefited a few but was not an unequivocal economic advantage for Britain. , French Colonialism, 18711914 (1966; originally published in! French, 1960), presents the case against the economic interpretation of French colonialism. , Imperialism: The Idea and Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion, 18801914 , rev. , The British Empire in the Middle East, 19451951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism (1984), is a diplomatic history of Britain's failed attempt to maintain informal empire in the Middle East after World War II. , French Colonialism in Tropical Africa, 19001945 (1971; originally published in French, 1964), is a sociological study of how French colonialism operated. (eds.), Britain and Germany in Africa (1967), and France and Britain in Africa (1971), contain useful collections of essays on British, German, and French colonialism. , Money and Empire: The International Gold Standard, 18901914 (1974), is an excellent discussion of how Britain's monetary system collapsed under the weight of changes in the European economy, especially those resulting from overseas expa! nsion. (eds.), Disease, Medicine, and Empire: Perspectives on ! Western Medicine and the Experience of European Expansion (1988), is a collection of essays on the impact of European medical sciences on the colonies. Glenn Mower, Jr., The European Community and Latin America: A Case Study in Global Role Expansion (1982), contains information on contemporary strategies for economic expansion by the European Economic Community. european french

The Oder starts its course in the Czech Republic, at an altitude of near.... szczecin oder

Initially it runs as a mountain stream with a steep gradient that progressively lessens until the river reaches the floor of the structural depression called the Moravian Gate; from there the Oder continues its course in a wide valley. About 50 miles from its outflow into the Baltic, the Oder splits into two main branches; the left canalized branch, called the Western Oder, passes through Szczecin and enters the Szczecin Lagoon directly, while the right branch, the Eastern Oder (in its final section called the Regalica), passes east of Szczecin via the large Lake Dabie and then also enters the Szczecin Lagoon. szczecin oder

Eighteen living families, 174 genera, and about 900 living species. One family. Genera.... tail interfemor

Generally large, fruit- or flower-feeding; lack acoustic orientation (except Rousettus ); ears small, eyes large, vision well-developed; generally roost in trees, often colonial; often show countershading, cryptic markings, or bright fur colours or patterns. Index finger generally clawed, tail short or lacking, interfemoral membrane reduced. Tail very long and largely free beyond a narrow interfemoral membrane, forearm very long, ears large, small nose leaf, primitive shoulder girdle. Dental formula 2 . 1 . Tropical distribution from northern Africa through southern Asia as far as Sumatra; 1 genus, 3 species. Ears large but simply shaped, eyes small, muzzle sharp but plain; tail short, perforating dorsal surface of well-developed interfemoral membrane. Ears large, wings broad, tail long with bifid (split) end, calcars (heel bones) greatly elongated, tail and calcars supporting well-developed interfemoral mem brane. Roosts usually dark and humid, some species roosting externa! lly in jungle canopy. Generally form small nontouching colonies, but some are solitary. Distributed through most of tropical Africa, Malaysia, and Indonesia; 1 genus, 13 species. External ears very large and fused across midline; tragus bifid; nose leaf large with truncated end; eyes relatively large; wings broad, interfemoral membrane well-developed and supported distally by heel bones, no external tail. Insectiv orous, principally on terrestrial arthropods, as in Nycteridae; at least 2 species, Megaderma lyra and Macroderma gigas , also feed on small vertebrates hunted and taken in the same fashion as arthropod prey. Small to large bats. Complex nose leaf with subordinate leaflets and compartments; large ears, widely separated and highly mobile, antitragus well-developed; interfemoral membrane well-developed, tail generally projecting slightly beyond distal edge of membrane. Dental formula 2 . Mostly colonial, nontouching, and roosting in humid caves, tree hollows, culver! ts, or buildings. Old World tropics; 9 genera, about 60 specie! s, the genus Hipposideros particularly successful in numbers of species and individuals throughout the Old World tropics. Small to moderately large size. Complex nose leaf; large, highly mobile ears, well-developed antitragus; wings short and rounded; well-developed interfemoral membrane, supported by tail; calcanea (backs of heels) weak. Dental formula 2 . Old World, including parts of western Europe, Central Asia, and Japan; 2 genera, about 70 species, the genus Rhinolophus one of the most successful in species and numbers. Dental formula 1 . Tail well developed, extending to midpoint of large interfemoral membrane, which is pierced dorsally by tail tip, membrane supported distally by very well-developed calcars and calcanea. Feet large, or very large ( N. Walk well, often roost in crevices, tree hollows, attics, grottoes, and caves; colonial, in touching clusters. Tropical America; 1 genus, 2 species. Tail and interfemoral membrane well-developed. Dental formula 2 . Smal! l to large size. Nose leaf simply shaped, ears often large and mobile, wings generally short and broad, tail and interfemoral membrane quite varied (from absent to well-developed); dental formula varied, from 26 to 34; fur colour and patterns varied. Colonial, often densely so; generally roosting in touching clusters in caves, tree hollows, buildings, or culverts or in the open under bridges or eaves, in the crests of palm trees, or on the underside of palm leaves. Many Stenoderminae have white or light facial stripes, may roost in the open; 2 species alter palm leaves as roosts. Teeth highly specialized for cutting skin, cheek teeth reduced; dental formula in Desmodus 2 . Tail absent; interfemoral membrane reduced. Roost in caves, hollow trees, and culverts; colonial. Well-developed tail and interfemoral membrane. Ears large; snout plain: dental formula 3 . Central America, and northern South America, West Indies; 1 genus, 4 species. Thumb vestigial; snout plain; tail long! , ending short of distal edge of well-developed interfemoral membrane; ! legs long; feet small. Northern South America; 2 genera, 2 species. Second finger reduced to rudiment, base of thumb and sole provided with sucking disk, simple muzzle, ears large; dental formula 3 . Insectivorous, roost alone or in small groups, often in still furled banana leaves. Central America and northern South America, excluding West Indies; 1 genus, 2 species. Small, plain muzzle, large ears with peculiar mushroom shaped lobe, dental formula 3 . Thumb and sole with adhesive disks, vestigial thumb claw; tail extends free beyond interfemoral membrane; specialized scapulo-humeral articulations. Probably insectivorous (biology unknown); endemic to Madagascar; 1 species. Muzzle plain; eyes small; ears moderate to large, tragus well-developed; dental formula varied, 2 . Wings gener ally long and moderately narrow; tail and interfemoral membrane well-developed. Mostly roost in caves, attics, barns, hollow trees, boulder heaps, the twig work of birds' nests, or roof thatchi! ng; a few ( Lasiurus ) roost in branches, on tree trunks, or in hollow core of bamboo ( Tylonycteris ). Many temperate species hibernate and migrate; many drably coloured; several that roost externally are either spotted ( Euderma ) or speckled ( Lasiurus ). Family worldwide to tree line, including many oceanic islands; some genera ( Myotis , Eptesicus , and Pipistrellus ) also worldwide; 35 genera, about 290 species. Dental formula 1 . New Zealand; 1 species. Robustly built, small to very large. Tail projects well beyond well-developed interfemoral membrane; ears large, rather immobile, often fused to one another, and of very unusual shapes; lips and snout often heavy, eyes tiny. Wings very long and narrow; legs well-developed for walking; toes often bear bristles; dental formula varied from 1 . Worldwide in tropics and subtropics, with a few species ranging into mild temperate regions; 11 genera, about 90 species (the genus Tadarida worldwide). tail interfemor

The classification presented here is based on work by the ornitho.... lower length

Fifteen species; in grasslands and brush; southern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia; body length 1119 cm. Fossil only; lower to middle Eocene; North America; 7 species known. Fossil only; lower Oligocene to lower Miocene; North America; 8 species known. Fossil only; upper Eocene to upper Miocene; eastern Asia; 2 species known. Twenty-one fossil and 15 Recent species; plains and marshes of the world, except South America; length about 79 to 150 cm. Fossil only; lower Oligocene to lower Pliocene; eastern Europe and Asia; 3 known species. Swamps and marshes of New World tropics and subtropics; 5 fossil and 1 Recent species; length 58 to 71 cm (in Recent forms). Three species, in lowland forest of South America; length 43 to 53 cm. About 56 fossil and 132 Recent species; principally in marshes; worldwide; length about 14 to 51 cm. Upper Eocene to lower Oligocene of Europe and North America; 8 species known. Three species; slow-flowing streams in tropical areas of Central and ! South America, Africa, and India and Southeast Asia; length 30 to 62 cm. One species; margins of woodland streams in Central and South America; length about 46 cm. Lower Oligocene to middle Miocene of Argentina and Uruguay; 2 species known. Lower Oligocene to middle Pliocene of Argentina; 4 species known. Lower Pliocene to lower Pleistocene of Argentina; 3 species known. Lower Miocene to lower Pleistocene; 10 species: 9 from Argentina, 1 from Florida. Lower Oligocene to middle Pliocene of Argentina; 9 species known. Two species; in grassland and brush, respectively, of east-central South America; length 76 to 92 cm. Cursorial, but strong flying birds of open plains of Eurasia, Africa and Australia; 3 fossil and 23 Recent species; length 37 to 132 cm. Lower Pliocene of Ukraine; 1 species known. lower length

Aquatic birds with totipalmate feet (webs connecting all 4 toes); 1st toe (hallux) not pointing backward as in most .... speci species,

Plumage satiny white with black markings; central 2 tail feathers much elongated in adult. 1 fossil genus, Prophaeton (lower Eocene of England); 1 extant genus, Phaethon ; 3 living species, worldwide in tropical oceans. Plumage blackish, juveniles and some adults with white underparts; juveniles with white heads, sometimes tinged orange. Wings very long, pointed; tail deeply forked. One extant genus, Fregata ; 5 living species, worldwide in tropical oceans. Plumage white, brown, or grey; some species crested. Wings long, broad; tail short. Bill long, hooked at tip, with enormous gular pouch suspended from highly distensible rami (lateral elements) of lower mandible. 10 fossil species in the genera Pelecanus (the earliest from lower Miocene of France) and Liptornis (middle Miocene). One extant genus, Pelecanus ; 7 living species, seacoasts and freshwater lakes of southern Africa, central and eastern Eurasia, Australia, and North America; north and west coasts of South America! . Plumage of most species white with black on wings; some brown and white; juveniles largely grey or grey-brown. Wings long and narrow, tail rather long, wedge shaped. 18 fossil species, in the genera Sula (the earliest S. Two extant genera, Sula with 6 living species, Morus with 1 species (sometimes considered 3 species, forming a superspecies); widespread but irregular distribution, on seacoasts and oceanic islands. Plumage usually blackish; some with white underparts, and a few largely grey; some species have ornamental crests or patches of white when breeding. Wings broad, tail long and stiff. 24 fossil species in the genera Graculavus (the earliest, upper Paleocene of North America), Actiornis, Pliocarbo , and Phalacrocorax . About 28 living species (and one recently extinct), all currently included in the genus Phalacrocorax ; certain Old World species have sometimes been placed in a separate genus Halietor , and the Gal gos flightless cormorant ( Phalacrocorax harris! i ) in the genus Nannopterum . Five fossil species, in the gen! era Protoplotus (the earliest from the Eocene of Sumatra), and Anhinga . One extant genus, Anhinga ; living forms have been treated as 1, 2, or 4 species and are here considered as 4 species comprising a single superspecies. Very large marine birds, with long wings and short legs. Bill long and high, with sharply pointed, toothlike projections on margins of upper and lower mandibles, continuous with bony structure of jaws (and thus not true teeth). speci species,

Both parents share in nest building, incubation, and care of the young. The long pair bond that makes this possible is form.... feed displai

These displays may be combined into complex ceremonies such as the discovery ceremony of the great crested, rednecked, horned, eared, and related species or the rushing display of the western grebe. Courtship feeding is known only in the western grebe ( Aechmophorus occidentalis ), the male of which feeds the female. feed displai

Nature of In Shinto it is commonly said that �man is kami 's child.� First, this means that a person .... shinto develop

Nature of In Shinto it is commonly said that man is kami 's child. Second, it means that daily life is made possible by kami, and, accordingly, the personality and life of people are worthy of respect. Shinto does not have the concept of the last day: there is no end of the world or of history. Modern Shintoists interpret this edict as revealing the eternal development of history as well as the eternity of the dynasty. In order to participate directly in the eternal development of the world, it is required of Shintoists to live fully each moment of life, making it as worthy as possible. The General Principles of Shinto Life proclaimed by the Association of Shinto Shrines in 1956 has the following article: In accordance with the Emperor's will, let us be harmonious and peaceful, and pray for the nation's development as well as the world's co-prosperity. shinto develop

Zamboanga was founded by Spaniards in 1635 on the site of a native settlement. Its name is derived from the Malay jam.... ware zamboanga

Fort Pilar, the shrine of Our Lady of the Pillar, was built in the 17th century for the protection of Christian settlers against Moro (Muslim) pirates; it now houses the Zamboanga High School. Incorporated in 1936, the city was largely rebuilt after World War II. The city is a centre for Moro brass ware and bronze ware and a collecting point for shells, which are exported or used locally for button manufacture. MLA style: "Zamboanga City." APA style: Zamboanga City. ware zamboanga

Spanish Isla San Cristóbal , also called Chatham Island.... island gal

Spanish Isla San Crist , also called Chatham Island one of the easternmost of the Gal gos Islands in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Volcanic in origin, with its highest point 2,940 feet (896 m), San Crist is the only island of the Gal gos group that has a regular water supply (from rainwater that gathers in broken craters). island gal

Important harbour works, exporting primarily high-grade iron ore, were opened at Saldanha Bay in 1976.... militari academy,

Important harbour works, exporting primarily high-grade iron ore, were opened at Saldanha Bay in 1976; air and naval bases, along with the nation's professional military academy, are located nearby. MLA style: "Saldanha Bay." militari academy,

The lake's name comes from a legend about a 19th-century Chickasaw Indian chief who was called Reelfoot because he h.... neighbour bride

The lake's name comes from a legend about a 19th-century Chickasaw Indian chief who was called Reelfoot because he had a deformed foot. His defiance of the Great Spirit by stealing a bride from a neighbouring tribe supposedly caused the earthquake that formed the lake. neighbour bride

lake within Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation, western , U.S., betw.... lake pyramid

lake within Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation, western , U.S., between the Lake Range and the Virginia Mountains. The lake was visited in 1844 by the soldier-explorer , who named it for the largest of the lake's volcanic islands; Fr nt remarked that it rose, according to our estimate, 600 feet above the water, and, from the point we viewed it, presented a pretty exact outline of the great pyramid of Cheops. lake pyramid

The ( Polyodon spathula; see ), also called spoonbill, is greenish or gray and averages about 18 k.... speci catfish;

The other known species ( ), a larger fish with more slender snout, inhabits the Yangtse River Basin. The flesh of both species is somewhat like catfish; the roe can be made into caviar. MLA style: "paddlefish." speci catfish;

The 11 species often referred to as are found throughout the Americas, Europe, Africa, an.... otter river

River otters hunt visually while chasing fish, but they use their manual dexterity to dislodge crabs and crayfish from under rocks. River otters hunt more effectively in shallow than in deep water, and, although they are proficient swimmers, all prefer slow-swimming species of fish. Most travel is aquatic, but river otters can venture swiftly overland between bodies of water. Young otters (pups) may fall prey to large s, and various s may kill adults traveling on land. otter river

The Nymphaeaceae, or water-lily family, has about 50 species. The other families in the.... flower water

In the genus Ceratophyllum, the plants are either rooted or free-floating but submerged; in the other genera, they are attached to pond or stream bottoms, but their leaves and flowers may be either submerged, floating, or standing above the water. They range in size from the small, fragile fanwort ( Cabomba ), which has floating leaves less than 0.3 cm (1 inch) in diameter, to the hornwort ( Ceratophyllum ), with richly branched stems reaching 3.54.5 m (1215 feet) in length, to Victoria, which has floating circular, shieldlike leaves 2 m (6.5 feet) across and flowers 40 cm (about 15 inches) in diameter. Many species of water lilies are suited for pools, aquatic gardens, and aquariums, where they are prized for their attractive foliage and showy flowers. The blades of variously shaped leaves that emerge from the submerged rhizomes may spread over the surface of the water or stand above the water by means of elongate petioles. Most of the 35 species and many hybrids of Nymphae! a of the Nymphaeaceae are cultivated; their flowers are the most showy of the Nymphaeales. The , consisting of the genus Ceratophyllum, differs from other families in the Nymphaeales in that the plants' ferny leaves are borne at intervals on the submerged stem. Flowers of Ceratophyllum not only lack sepals and petals, but stamens (male) and the pistil (female) are borne in separate flowers and on separate plantsa feature that is unique in this order. Pollen, liberated by higher-placed male flowers, settles in water to reach a channel in the female flower, facilitating pollen germination. Except for Ceratophyllum (in which flowers are water-pollinated) and Euryale of the Nymphaeaceae (which is self-pollinated in closed flowers), flowers rise to the surface of the water or higher and are insect-pollinated. Leathery, several-chambered berries, which eventually shed their seeds, are produced by the Nymphaeaceae and the Barclayaceae; they mature under water. flower water

It is believed that Lake Nicaragua, together with to the northwest, origi.... lake san

It is believed that Lake Nicaragua, together with to the northwest, originally formed part of an ocean bay that, as a result of volcanic eruption, became an inland basin containing the two lakes, which are linked by the Tipitapa River. Lake Nicaragua is the only freshwater lake containing oceanic animal life, including sharks, swordfish, and tarpon. The (R San Juan) drains out of the lake, following a 112-mile course that runs from the southeastern shore of the lake through a densely forested region to empty into the Caribbean Sea. Due to the chemical composition of the volcanic rocks forming parts of the lake's bed and shores, the lake waters contain high proportions of dissolved magnesium and potassium salts. There are over 400 islands in the lake, of which 300 are within 5 mi of the city of Granada on the northwest lake shore. (A third volcano associated with the lake is Mombacho, 4,413 ft high, which stands on the western shore.) Ometepe Island is the preeminent site in ! Nicaragua for pre-Columbian examples of statuary, ceramics, and other archaeological remains, some of which, it is believed, represent vestiges of ancient South American, as well as North American, civilizations. Lake steamers based at visit small lakeside towns, such as San Jorge and La Virgen on the west shore; C enas and San Carlos on the southern shore; San Ubaldo, Puerto D , San Miguelito, and El Morrito on the eastern shore. From the time of the ending of Spanish rule in the 1820s, the possibility of constructing a transoceanic canal from the Atlantic to the Pacific, which would run up the San Juan River, cross the lake, and be completed by a channel dug through the Rivas Isthmus, has been mooted. lake san

Moles have poor vision but acute senses of hearing and touc.... tunnel mole

Terrestrial moles primarily eat earthworms, but they also consume other invertebrates, occasionally small mammals, succulent plant parts (roots, tubers, bulbs), seeds, and fungi. The mole braces its body in the tunnel to shear soil from the tunnel face with first one forelimb and then the other and then turns around to push the loose soil with its forefeet through the tunnel onto the surface to form a small mound (molehill). The European mole ( Talpa europaea ) sometimes constructs a huge mound (fortress) of up to 750 kg (1,650 pounds) of soil, and it too contains tunnel networks and storage and nesting chambers. Moles dwell in moist lowland and alpine meadows, river floodplains, prairies, sagebrush-grass habitats, coniferous and deciduous forests, coastal sand dunes, cultivated fields and gardens, marshy areas, streams, lakes, and rivers. tunnel mole

Agriculture and forestry each account for slightly more than one-thi.... cesk hussit

The fishing industry is centred at Trebon on the Luznice River and dates back to the Middle Ages. Modern dams with their reservoirs have enlarged the industry; the Lipno Dam on the Vltava, in the Sumava Mountains, impounds a 12,350-acre (5,000-hectare) reservoir, provides hydroelectric energy, and helps regulate water levels on the Vltava for navigation and in the fishponds as well. The main lumbering and paper-milling centres are: Cesk udejovice, Vetrn Loucovice, P k, T r, Sobeslav, Pelhrimov, Lisov, and Suchdol nad Luznic The kraj 's relatively few mineral resources include graphite, mined at Vysn-Lazec, Domoradice, Kolodeje, and Blizn peat, extracted at Lenora, Trebon, Pr az, and along the Luznice River; limestone, quarried at Cesk Krumlov and Chnov; asbestos at Borovany; feldspar at Pisek and Halamky; and brick and fire-retardant clays, extracted along the riverbanks. Cesk udejovice is the kraj 's chief industrial centre; it has steelworks and electronics, transport-equi! pment, furniture, pencil, and food-processing plants, as well as several breweries. Tourism is concentrated on water sports, particularly on the reservoir lakes behind the Lipno and Orl dams, and the Svet fishpond; on boat tours along the Vltava and Luznice rivers; and on tours of numerous towns and memorials of the Hussite religious reform movement, which arose in this region. T r, the seat of the Hussite movement (1420), is the site of the Museum of the Hussite Revolutionary Movement; another museum in Kotnov Castle is devoted to T r's history. Trocnov, 19 miles (31 km) southeast of Cesk udejovice, is the birthplace of Jan Zizka, the charismatic military leader of the Hussite army. Hlubok ad Vltavou, 6 miles (10 km) northwest of Cesk udejovice, is the site of the Ales South Bohemian Gallery, exhibiting Gothic and Baroque art.

The largest of the three species is the 100-centimetre (40-inch) , Morus bassanus (or.... style: "gannet."

MLA style: "gannet." APA style: gannet. style: "gannet." style: "gannet."

Although scholars once assumed that there was only one epic relating Enmerkar's subjugation of a rival .... enmerkar aratta

Enmerkar therefore requested his sister, the goddess , to aid him in acquiring material and manpower from Aratta; she agreed and advised him to send a threatening message to the lord of Aratta. Though Enmerkar complied, the lord of Aratta refused to complete his part of the agreement; threatening messages were again sent out by both men, each claiming the aid and sanction of the goddess Inanna. The other epic relating the defeat of Aratta is known as Enmerkar and Ensuhkeshdanna . Although the members of Ensuhkeshdanna's council advised him to comply with Enmerkar, he listened instead to a local priest, who promised to make Uruk subject to Aratta. A third epic, Lugalbanda and Enmerkar , tells of the heroic journey to Aratta made by Lugalbanda in the service of Enmerkar. In order to save his domain, Enmerkar required the aid of Inanna, who was in Aratta.fish links

The Drake Passage played an important part in the trade of the 19th and early 20th centuries befo.... water c)

Drake did not sail through the passage but passed instead through the Straits of Magellan to the north of Tierra del Fuego, although he was blown back into the northern latitudes of the passage by a Pacific storm. The winds over the Drake Passage are predominantly from the west and are most intense in the northern half. The mean annual air temperature ranges from 41 F (5 C) in the north to 27 F (3 C) in the south. Surface water temperature varies from near 43 F (6 C) in the north to 30 F (1 C) in the south, with the temperature altering sharply in a zone near 60 S. This transitional zone is known as the ; it separates the sub-Antarctic surface water from the colder and fresher Antarctic surface water. The water within the passage flows from the Pacific into the Atlantic, except for a small amount of water in the south that comes from the Scotia Sea. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which is slightly accelerated by the passage, is strongest in the vicinity of the Antarcti! c Convergence. There is a relatively high abundance of plankton in the Drake Passage.

Sonic pulses are also sent out to detect underwater objects by the same principle. During World War II the name ( .... sound wave

Sonic depth finders can be operated repetitively, recording thousands of soundings per hour, to prepare a profile of the ocean floor. One of the first practical depth sounders, the so-called Hayes sonic depth finder, developed by the U.S. Navy in 1919, consisted of (1) a device to generate and send sound waves to the ocean floor and receive the reflected waves and (2) a timer calibrated at the speed of sound in seawater that directly indicated water depth. In the modern system a transmitter supplies a powerful pulse of electrical energy, and a transducer converts the pulse into an acoustical pressure wave in the water and receives its echo, converting it back into electrical energy, which can be amplified and applied to an indicator.

The Dead Sea lies between the hills of Judaea to the west and the Tr.... dead sea

The flows from the north into the Dead Sea, which is 50 miles (80 km) long and attains a width of 11 miles (18 km). The peninsula of Al-Lisan (Arabic: The Tongue) divides the lake on its eastern side into two unequal basins: the northern basin encompasses about three-fourths of the lake's total surface area and reaches a depth of 1,300 feet (400 metres); the southern basin is smaller and shallower (less than 10 feet [3 metres] on average). The Dead Sea figures in biblical accounts dating to the time of (progenitor of the Hebrews) and the destruction of (the two cities along the lake, according to the Hebrew bible, that were destroyed by fire from heaven because of their wickedness). During the Miocene Epoch (23.8 to 5.3 million years ago), as the Arabian tectonic plate collided with the Eurasian plate to the north, upheaval of the seabed produced the upfolded structures of the Transjordanian highlands and the central range of Palestine, causing the fractures that allowed the! Dead Sea graben to drop. During the Pleistocene Epoch (1,800,000 to 10,000 years ago), it rose to an elevation of about 700 feet (200 metres) above its modern level, forming a vast inland sea that stretched some 200 miles (320 km) from the area in the north to 40 miles (64 km) beyond its present southern limits. In so doing, it bared deposits that cover the Dead Sea valley to a thickness of about 1 to 4 miles (2 to 6 km). Both Al-Lisan and beds made of similar material on the western side of the Dead Sea valley dip to the east. It is assumed that the uplifting of Mount Sedom and Al-Lisan formed a southern escarpment for the Dead Sea. Later the sea broke through the western half of this escarpment to flood what is now the shallow southern end of the Dead Sea. Lake and land breezes, which are relatively common, blow off the lake in all directions in the daytime and then reverse direction to blow toward the centre of the lake at night. The waters of the Dead Sea are extremely! saline, and the concentration of salt increases toward the bo! ttom. The fresh water of the Jordan stays on the surface; in the spring its muddy colour can be traced across the lake as far as 30 miles (50 km) south of the point where the river empties into the Dead Sea. The Dead Sea constitutes an enormous salt reserve. , Living Waters: Myth, History, and Politics of the Dead Sea (1988), explores the sea's natural history, political history, exploration, and use. Gat (eds.), The Dead Sea: The Lake and Its Setting (1997).

MLA style: "climbing perch." . . Chicago: , . APA style: climbing perch. ). . 2007 . Chicago.... style: climb

MLA style: "climbing perch." APA style: climbing perch.

In winter the carp becomes torpid, retires to the bottom, and stops feeding. It usually spawns in sp.... carp larg

Carp grow rapidly, attain sexual maturity about the third year, and in captivity may live more than 40 years. They average about 35 cm (14 inches) in length but may grow to more than 100 cm and 22 kg (49 pounds). The carp is often raised for food, especially in Europe and Asia, because it is possible to produce large amounts of fish per acre. Two domesticated varieties of the species are the mirror carp (with a few large scales) and the leather carp (almost scaleless).

(genus Artemia ), any of several small crustaceans of the order Anostraca (class Branchiopod.... thorax bear

Measuring up to 15 mm (0.6 inch) in length, the body of the brine shrimp has a discrete head with a nauplius (larval) eye and stalked compound eyes, a thorax bearing a series of leaflike limbs, and a slender abdomen without appendages.

Like all other prokaryotes, cyanobacteria lack a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, chloropl.... cyanobacteria form

Cyanobacteria contain only one form of , chlorophyll a, a green pigment. In addition to being photosynthetic, many species of cyanobacteria can also fix atmospheric that is, they can transform the gaseous nitrogen of the air into compounds that can be used by living cells. On land, cyanobacteria are common in soil down to a depth of 1 m (39 inches) or more; they also grow on moist surfaces of rocks and trees, where they appear in the form of cushions or layers. Cyanobacteria reproduce asexually, either by means of binary or multiple fission in unicellular and colonial forms or by fragmentation and spore formation in filamentous species. Under favourable conditions, cyanobacteria can reproduce at explosive rates, forming dense concentrations called blooms. Cyanobacteria blooms can colour a body of water. For example, many ponds take on an opaque shade of green as a result of overgrowths of cyanobacteria, and blooms of phycoerythrin-rich species cause the occasional red colour! of the . Cyanobacteria blooms are especially common in waters that have been polluted by nitrogen wastes; in such cases, the overgrowths of cyanobacteria can consume so much of the water's dissolved oxygen that fish and other aquatic organisms perish.

In addition to the snout, beaked whales are characterized by two t.... beak (

Ranging in length from 3.7 metres (12.1 feet) for the dwarf, or pygmy, beaked whale ( Mesoplodon peruvianus ) to nearly 13 metres for the ( Berardius bairdii ), these mammals weigh between 1,000 and 14,000 kg (2,200 and 31,000 pounds). In almost all beaked whales, functional teeth are limited to one or two pairs present only in the lower jaw, and these usually erupt through the gums only in the male. Shepherd's beaked whale ( Tasmacetus shepherdi ) is unusual in having numerous small functional teeth. Although beaked whales lack the usual first compartment (forestomach), their connecting chambers, which contain up to 10 subcompartments, are more complex than those in other cetaceans.

The large , flowing in from the south, spills into the western part of the lake, and it contri.... part lake

The large , flowing in from the south, spills into the western part of the lake, and it contributed 8090 percent of the total influx into the lake until a hydroelectric project reduced the volume of the river's inflow late in the 20th century. Only such small rivers as the Qaratal, Aqsu, Ayaguz, and Lepsi feed the eastern part of the lake. With almost equal areas in both parts of the lake, this situation creates a continuous flow of water from the western to the eastern section. The average annual water temperature in the western part of the lake is 50 F (10 C); in the eastern part it is 48 F (9 C). The fauna of the lake was formerly rich but declined from the 1970s owing to the lake's deteriorating water quality. Before these declines began, 20 species of fish inhabited the lake, of which six were peculiar to the lake itself. The diversion of water to fill the Qapshaghay reservoir and to provide for irrigation reduced the flow of the Ile River by two-thirds and caused a dec! line in the lake's level.

The bald eagle is actually a sea eagle ( Haliaeet.... eagl bald

The bald eagle is actually a sea eagle ( Haliaeetus species) that commonly occurs inland along rivers and large lakes. Bald eagles pluck fish out of the water with their talons, and sometimes they follow seabirds as a means of locating fish. Besides live fish, bald eagles also prey on other birds, small mammals, snakes, turtles, and crabs, and they readily eat carrion. Bald eagles may have numbered in the hundreds of thousands when they were declared the American national bird in 1782, but their numbers steadily declined over the next two centuries owing to human activities and persecution. government's Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940 made it illegal to kill bald eagles (Alaska was exempt), but the birds' numbers continued to decline, primarily because of the effects of the pesticide , which came into widespread agricultural use after World War II. By the early 1960s, the number of bald eagles in the coterminous United States had dropped to fewer than 450 nesting pairs. Th! e bald eagle was reclassified from endangered to status in 1995, by which time there were an estimated 4,500 nesting pairs in the lower 48 states. Lloyd Kiff MLA style: "bald eagle ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ) ."

In general, automatons are designed to arouse interest through their and then t.... automaton centuri

Automatons can be classified into two groups: those that are ancillary to a functional article and those that in themselves are fanciful objects, solely for decoration and pleasure. Throughout the ages, most automatons have been objects of fancy that are purely decorative in concept and function. Few examples of automatons made prior to the 16th century remain, but numerous documents record their one-time existence. Accounts of automatons in , during the Han dynasty, when a mechanical orchestra was made for the Emperor. By the Sui dynasty, in the 6th and 7th centuries , automatons had become widespread, and a book entitled the Shui shih t'u Ching (Book of Hydraulic Elegancies) was published. In the T'ang period, from the 7th to the 10th century , automatons continued to be popular with imperial circles. Best-documented are the water-operated automatons, many of moving peacocks, invented and made by al- Jazari, who worked in the 13th century for princes of the Urtugid dynasty! in Mesopotamia. In the early 16th century there was renewed interest in the manufacture of automatons, largely stemming from the influence of Eastern examples brought to Europe through trade with the Orient and the translation from the ancient Greek of the 1st-century- writings on mechanical objects by . It was in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that the most intricate automatons made their appearance. Among the more elaborate mechanical devices popularized in the 18th century were tableaux m niques, or mechanical pictures. 1920), the production of costly artistic automatons virtually ceased in the late 19th and early 20th centuries because of the diminishing number of skilled craftsmen, as well as rich patrons to support them. This expensive hobby is still served by the dealer who locates increasingly rare examples of historic automatons and by a small corps of highly skilled craftsmen whose dearly priced services keep the objects in working order.

Natural history. Arrowworms are protandric ( i.e., ma....

Arrowworms are protandric ( i.e., male gonads mature earlier than female gonads). In Pterosagitta, eggs are laid in a capsule; in Sagitta, eggs are discharged into the surrounding water one at a time in several cycles; and in Spadella, eggs have an adhesive coat and a stalk and attach to any surface. Arrowworms are voracious feeders; they consume copepods, euphausiids, fish larvae, medusae, other arrowworms, cladocerans, amphipods, appendicularias, and eggs and larvae of various animals.

Most of the Alpine lakes lie in valleys that were formed during the uplift of the mountai....

Most of the Alpine lakes lie in valleys that were formed during the uplift of the mountain chain of the Alps. Parts of the northern lakes (Lakes , Luzern, , , , Attersee) are situated in the foothill zone of the Alps or even some distance beyond. Scientific study of Alpine lakes started in Switzerland with F.A. , who studied the stationary oscillations of the water level (seiches) caused by the wind and also made classic observations on the interrelationship between physical and biological processes in lakes. In the lakes of the Eastern Alps the phenomenon of the (zone of rapid decrease of lake temperature below the warm surface stratum in summer) was first studied in the Wrther See (1891). In the same lake, in 1931, it was discovered that there was an absence of total water circulation during the winter in lakes with wind-sheltered sites. The increasing pollution of Lake Zrich brought attention to chemical and biological changes, and, by the late 20th century, a number of i! nstitutes were studying the pollution of the Alpine lakes. The water composition of the Alpine lakes is quite uniform.

The order Alismatales comprises three families. The , consisting of a single....

Most members of the Alismatales order possess short stems and are rooted in mud with only the leaves visible above water level. In some species even the leaves are submerged and fail to differentiate into the familiar lamina (blade) and petiole (leaf stalk) of land plants. Succulence is characteristic of Alismatales, and air spaces may occupy 80 percent of the volume of internal tissues of the leaf and root. A potential flower cluster (inflorescence) arises as a specialized stem from the flattened vegetative stem at the juncture of a leaf base. In other groups, such as the Alismataceae, seeds are liberated only after the ovary wall disintegrates in the water. APA style: Alismatales.

Links to....

fish catalogue

The Aegean has an intricate configuration and could well be considered as a bay within the e....

The Aegean has an intricate configuration and could well be considered as a bay within the eastern Mediterranean basin, to which it is connected by the straits to the west and east of Crete. It also has a good connection with the Ionian Sea to the west, through the strait lying between the Peloponnese peninsula of Greece and Crete. Virtually throughout the Aegean area, numerous islands large and small emerge from the clear blue waters. These are the mountain peaks of Aegeis, the name given to a now-submerged landmass. At the dawn of European history, these islands facilitated contacts between the people of the area and of three continents. Throughout the entire Aegean shoreline�that is, both the continental shores surrounding the Aegean Sea and those of the islands�bays, ports, and shelter creeks are also abundant. These also facilitated the task of seamen traveling in the Aegean Sea, making longer voyages possible at a time when shipbuilding was in its infancy. No other ma! ritime area of the Mediterranean has such shoreline development when compared by its size. The maximum depth of the Aegean is to be found east of Crete, where it reaches 11,627 feet (3,543 m). The rocks making up the floor of the Aegean are mainly limestone, though often greatly altered by volcanic activity that has convulsed the region in relatively recent geologic times. The richly coloured sediments in the region of the islands of (Santoríni, or Thíra) and (Mílos), in the south Aegean, are particularly interesting. During the 1970s, Thera in particular became a topic of major international scientific importance, analysis of its surrounding sediments having been linked with a possible explanation of the ancient legend of the lost island of Atlantis. North winds prevail in the Aegean Sea, although from the end of September to the end of May, during the mild winter season, these winds alternate with milder southwesterlies. The tides of the Aegean basin seem t! o follow the movements of those in the eastern Mediterranean g! enerally.. The tide of (Evrípos)�a strait lying between continental Greece and the island of (Évvoia), in the heart of the Aegean�is, however, extremely important, because it displays a tidal phenomenon of international significance, to which it has, in fact, lent its name. The euripus phenomenon�characterized by violent and uncertain currents�has been studied since the time of , who first provided an interpretation of the term. Aegean currents generally are not smooth, whether considered from the viewpoint of either speed or direction. They are chiefly influenced by blowing winds. Water temperatures in the Aegean are influenced by the cold-water masses of low temperature that flow in from the to the northeast. In depths of up to about 1,600 feet (490 m), temperature fluctuates around 57��64� F (14��18� C), while it is practically steady at about 57� F at sea level. The Aegean Sea, like the Mediterranean in general, is the most impoverished large body of water kno! wn to science. The nutrient content, as indicated by the amount of phosphates and nitrates in the water, is on the whole poor. The less saline waters coming from the Black Sea have a distinct ameliorative influence, but the role of their fertility in the Mediterranean in general has been little studied. Generally, marine life in the Aegean Sea is very similar to that of the northern area of the western basin of the Mediterranean. In view of its limpidity and as a result of its hot waters, it is not surprising that the Aegean Sea accommodates large quantities of fish at the time of their procreating maturity. Such fish enter the Aegean from other areas, notably from the Black Sea. Geographically, the multitude of Greek islands in the Aegean can be arranged into seven principal groups, from north to south: (1) the Thracian Sea group, including Thásos, Samothrace (Samothráki), and Lemnos; (2) the east Aegean group, including (Lésvos), , Ikaría, and (3) the ! , including Skyros, a group lying off Thessaly; (4) the , including Melo! s, Páros, Náxos, Thera, and Ándros (Euboea, although technically an island, is considered a part of the Greek mainland and is connected to Boeotia by a bridge at Chalcís); (5) the Saronic Islands west of the Cyclades, lying 5 to 50 miles (8 to 80 km) from Piraeus and including Salamís, Aegina (Aíyina), Póros, Hydra (Ídhra), and Spétsai; (6) the , a group of 13 islands transferred to Greece by Italy after World War II, the principal island and capital of which is and (7) and associated small islands. Geographically, Crete, Kárpathos, and Rhodes form an arc of giant stepping-stones from Greece to the Turkish coast of Asia Minor. Together with Ikaría, Foúrnoi, and Sámos, the Dodecanese are also known as the Southern Sporades. The Greek dhiamerisma (region) of the Aegean Islands encompasses the nomoí (departments) of Cyclados, Dodecanese, Khíos, Lésvos, and Sámos. So numerous are the islands of! the Aegean that the name Archipelago was formerly applied to the sea. Structurally the Aegean islands are subject to frequent earthquakes. Although a number of the larger islands, such as Lesbos, Chios, Rhodes, and Crete, have fertile, well-cultivated plains, most of them are rocky and quite barren, with terraces to conserve the sparse soil. Characteristic of this landscape is the Cyclades group, the southernmost island of which, Thera, has a volcano that was last active in 1925. The northern islands are generally more wooded than are the southern, except Rhodes. The chief products of the islands are wheat, wine, oil, mastic, figs, raisins, honey, vegetables, marble, and minerals; fishing is also important. Tourism generates increasing income, with visitors attracted to the villages of whitewashed houses and their handicrafts, as well as to the impressive monuments of the great prehistoric civilization that flourished here. See also articles on individual islands. Pop. (19! 91 prelim.) 455,763. MLA style: "Aegean Sea." . . Chicago: , . APA styl! e: Aegean Sea. ). . 2007 . Chicago: . style: "Aegean Sea." from 2007 . ).